The paper outlines the basis of saint Paul’s theology of the new creation (καινὴ κτίσις) as well as the basic anthropological concepts in his epistles. The first part outlines the basis of Paul’s theological anthropology and discusses the main aspects of the concepts new creation and first and last Adam, while the second part present the main aspects of the dialectic between the first, old Adam and the last, new Adam — Christ. The paper finally presents the importance of the key concepts of the new creation (καινὴ κτίσις) and the new man (καινὸς ἄνθρωπος) in Paul’s anthropology with the aim of getting through the deciphering of these anthropological terms and their meaning to the very foundations of Christian anthropology in general.